Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Mangrove Sediments of the Sepang Besar River, West Coast Peninsular Malaysia

The impact of heavy metal contamination caused by human activities on mangroves, rivers, estuaries, and coastal wetlands has gained attention recently. In this study, the presence metals in mangrove Sepang Besar River's surface sediments was examined. As, Mo, Pb, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Hg concentrations sand were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Across all sampling sites, Cr highest lowest. concentration As found higher than shale's geochemical background value. range EFs for Pb are 4.38 to 12.9, 1.71 3.67, 0.94 2.68, respectively. eight other environmental components compared correlation coefficient. ecological hazards posed (As, Hg) assessed comprehensive enrichment factor (EF) geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Enrichment index, particular, revealed that Arsenic is most prevalent pollutant River sediments, with some stations requiring specific due high pollution levels.